Categories
Liberty Society

[1796] Mengenai buang negara bangsa untuk nasionalisme yang terluas

Sering kali saya terdengar akan keperluan untuk rakyat Malaysia membentuk satu nasionalisme baru untuk mengatasi cabaran masa muka. Dengan mudahnya, nasionalisme ini mengimpikan satu bangsa yang merangkumi semua rakyat Malaysia, di mana semua memiliki hak-hak yang saksama tanpa pilih kasih. Ramai mengenali nasionalisme baru ini sebagai bangsa Malaysia. Walaupun saya mungkin bersimpati dengan konsep ini berbanding dengan apa yang sedang dipegang oleh pihak yang masih berselindung di dalam sangkar perkauman, saya berpendapat bahawa bangsa Malaysia berada tidak jauh dari tarikh luputnya.

Sebelum kita berbicara tentang mengapa saya berfikiran demikian, kita perlu memahami mengapa bangsa Malaysia lahir. Tidak perlu kita membelek buku-buku sejarah, politik ataupun falsafah untuk memahami perkara itu. Jawapan ringkas tetapi tepat boleh diperoleh dari batu asas kepada pemikiran kenegaraan yang memperjuangkan satu bangsa yang mengandungi pelbagai kaum untuk satu negara; batu asas itu adalah negara bangsa atau nation-state.

Negara di sini bukan yang segera difahami oleh semua. Bahasa Melayu — seperti apa yang akan ditegaskan oleh penyorak-penyorak bangsa Malaysia, bahasa Malaysia atau sekurang-kurangnya pembicaraan popular tempatan yang bersangkut paut tentang kenegaraan — gagal membezakan konsep country (negara, negeri atau wilayah boleh dilukis di atas kertas), nation (negara atau lebih tepat bangsa) dan state (negara sebagai satu institusi) secara memuaskan. Kekeliruan ini menjadikan perdebatan tentang negara Islam di Malaysia berganjak satu perkara yang penting kepada satu pertunjukan sarkas yang tidak bermakna. Susah untuk seseorang itu memastikan sama ada penyokong dan penentang negara Islam berdebat tentang Islamic state atau Islamic country. Ini sendiri membuatkan saya duduk jauh daripada perbahasan mengenai negara Islam di mana para pendebat tidak sedar akan perbezaan penting ini.

Kembali kepada perkara pokok dengan harapan masalah penterjemaah tidak mengaburi apa yang saya mahu kongsi bersama, negara bangsa mengatakan bahawa sesuatu bangsa, satu kelompok manusia yang berkongsi warna kulit, bahasa, agama atau secara amnya budaya, berhak mentadbir dirinya sendiri. Pentadbiran ini direalisasikan dengan mendirikan satu institusi iaitu negara atau state.

Pemimpin-pemimpin Malaya dan kemudiannya Malaysia sendiri cuba mendirikan negara kita di atas konsep negara bangsa, di mana bangsa itu adalah bangsa Malaya (Malayan) and kemudiannya Malaysia (Malaysian). Bagi negara yang berbilang kaum, pelbagai bangsa, usaha untuk mendirikan satu negara bangsa akan bertemu dengan satu halangan yang besar: ketiadaan satu bangsa organik yang merangkumi semua bangsa; ketiadaan bangsa mengiakan negara yang mengandungi pelbagai bangsa organik; tiada bangsa yang organik yang menerima bangsa Melayu, Cina, India dan ”bangsa lain-lain” sebagai anggota dengan yakin.

Mungkin bangsa longgar wujud beberapa dekad setelah imigrasi besar-besaran ke negeri-negeri Melayu serta Borneo berlaku. Pendapat ini bagaimanapun terlampau bersifat subjektif dan sukar dibentuk di dalam minda dengan baiknya tanpa pencanggahan.

Walau bagaimanapun, jika kita melupakan sementara masalah definisi itu dengan semangat pragmatisme, bangsa yang baru itu tidak bernama dan hanya dirujuk sebagai satu apabila negara kita terdiri. Dalam usaha untuk mengesahkan negara ini dari pandangan negara bangsa, konsep kerakyatan tidak mencukupi. Keperluan untuk membentuk satu bangsa tiruan wujud di atas ketiadaan bangsa organik. Oleh itu, bangsa longgar yang tidak bernama itu mula dirujuk sebagai bangsa Malaysia, bersemperna negara Malaysia.

Tetapi, falsafah yang diketengahkan oleh negara bangsa berdiri dengan tanggapan yang satu bangsa itu berhak untuk mentadbirkan dirinya sendiri. Soalan yang perlu ditanya adalah ini: perlukan sesuatu negara itu berdiri dengan bangsa sebagai tunggak asas?

Malaysia sendiri berjaya dibentuk tanpa adanya bangsa yang satu. Penekanan terhadap bangsa Malaysia hanya berlaku selepas terbentuknya negara Malaysia. Ini adalah satu tanda yang mengatakan negara bangsa itu tidak menjadi satu syarat dalam pembentukan negara.

Yang lebih ditakutkan, konsep negara bangsa itu sendiri mungkin akan membawa kepada perpecahan negara. Malaysia mempunyai sekurang-kurangnya tiga bangsa yang berpengaruh besar. Jika konsep negara bangsa dipatuhi dengan taatnya, lambat laun Malaysia akan terbahagi kepada sekurang-kurangnya tiga negara. Ini belum lagi mengambil kira perbezaan agama yang boleh menjadi asas kepada pemikiran negara bangsa.

Di negara-negara lain seperti Perancis, negara bangsa tidak lagi memainkan peranan utama dalam pentadbiran negara. Malah, Kesatuan Eropah sendiri tidak memerlukan satu bangsa luas untuk mengemudi dirinya ke hadapan. Kesatuan tersebut ada masalah-masalahnya sendiri tetapi perlu diingatkan, pembentukan negara itu sendiri memerlukan masa. Apa yang ingin disampai di sini ialah konsep kerakyatan itu sendiri sudah mencukupi.

Tambahan pula, demografik sesuatu negara sering berubah. Pergerakan manusia serta modal yang semakin bebas sering menukarkan kandungan bangsa sintetik seperti konsep bangsa Malaysia itu sendiri. Apabila kandungan bangsa sintetik itu diubah disebabkan pergaulan di antara bangsa-bangsa organik dan lebih penting, para individu, apakah perlu kita mengembleng tenaga sekali lagi untuk mentakrifkan bangsa yang baru? Adakah perlu kita melindungi takrifan bangsa sintetik itu daripada berubah?

Perubahan itu bagaimanapun tidak meminta konsep kerakyatan berubah, jika asas kerakyatan itu bersifat liberal dan buta kepada idea negara bangsa.

Saya sebagai seseorang individu mahu mendekati satu bentuk nasionalisme yang lebih unggul dan luas daripada yang berasaskan negara bangsa. Kita perlu melihat lebih jauh dari konsep bangsa. Ini tidak bermakna kita harus menghapuskan bangsa-bangsa organik. Kita semua adalah seorang individu dan setiap individu itu berhak menentukan cara hidup mereka sendiri dengan syarat tindakan mereka itu tidak merampas hak-hak yang sama yang dinikmati oleh orang-orang lain.

Sebagai satu negara yang kecil, kita harus cergas menerima apa yang terbaik daripada tamadun manusia. Sudah hilang waktu di mana kita boleh melihat kepada kaum kita sendiri untuk mencari kekuatan. Kita harus menjemput mereka yang ingin berusaha untuk membina kehidupan yang terulung walaupun mereka orang asing. Negara atau masyarakat yang mengandungi individu-individu ini akan menaikkan taraf kehidupan masyarakat itu sendiri. Selamat datang diucapkan kepada mereka yang ingin menyumbang dan sanggup menghormati hak-hak individu terhadap kebebasan.

Nasionalisme saya berkisar kepada pembukaan sempadan kita kepada mereka yang terlatih untuk membangunkan negara. Sebelum itu berlaku, kesaksamaan hak-hak terhadap kebebasan perlu dijamin. Nasionalisme ini perlu melindungi semua dengan sama rata, tanpa mengira kerakyatan. Negara yang menjamin semua ini akan menarik yang terbaik di kalangan manusia dan seterusnya membolehkan kita membina satu tamadun yang hebat tanpa sekatan yang terbina atas nama ketakutan.

Konsep negara bangsa merupakan satu sekatan untuk kita maju ke hadapan, jauh meninggalkan yang lain yang masih terkongkong di dalam pemikiran lama.

Saya yakin, inilah nasionalisme yang tertinggi dan terbaik, di mana bangsa itu adalah bangsa manusia. Tidak perlu kita mewujudkan bangsa yang sintetik untuk bersatu. Hanya yang diperlukan adalah kesanggupan untuk kita untuk hormat-menghormati hak-hak asasi individu tanpa memilih kasih.

Nasionalisme yang terluas inilah yang akan mengatasi nasionalisme yang lain.

Baiklah.

Saya mengaku.

Ini sebenarnya menuju ke arah liberalisme.

Mohd Hafiz Noor Shams. Some rights reserved Mohd Hafiz Noor Shams. Some rights reserved Mohd Hafiz Noor Shams. Some rights reserved

Satu versi tulisan ini telah pertama kali diterbitkan di Bolehland.

Categories
Conflict & disaster Liberty

[1795] Of zero tolerance for piracy is the answer

While I am happy to learn that the two MISC ships hijacked by pirates off the Horn of Africa earlier have been freed, the method — USD4 million was reportedly paid — to secure the freedom of the ships as well as its crew is far from ideal.[1][2] There is no guarantee for the episode not to repeat itself.

It seems clear that the pirates based in Somalia are purely in it for the money and are not driven by some ideological struggle. Several other ships from different countries of origin have also been hijacked and the pirates’ demands are clear and consistent. They want money. Indeed, when the pirates hijacked an Ukrainian ship ladened with military equipments, the demand remains the same: money. They are uninterested in the cargo of the ship, at least, so far.[3]

The act of succumbing to the demand of the pirates pays off the pirates’ effort. Piracy of the kind off the coast of Somalia will continue to occur as long as there are profits for them. For them to enjoy profits, their revenue from piracy has to keep coming in while the cost of doing so continues to be under control.

Revenue will continue as long as there are entities like MISC which pay off ransom and cost will continue to be controlled as long as no one fights back.

To stop piracy, piracy has to be turned into an unprofitable industry. Victims need to persistently refuse to meet the pirates’ demands while upholding private property and individual liberty. In other words, there is a requirement to fight back. Failure to fight back increases the cost of trade and affects economic growth.

France so far has been the only state resorting to force against the pirate. Their operations have been successful.[4] The French did request for Malaysian aid in one of its operations but Malaysia turned down due to ongoing negotiation between MISC and the pirates.[5]

There is already a multinational force patrolling the area. Among them are the United States, Russia, Germany and France.[6][6a] There are also talks that South Africa — a regional power — might might be joining the force.[7]

Malaysia had three military vessels active in the area after two MISC ships were hijacked but with the release, the Royal Malaysian Navy vessels are escorting the MISC ships back home.[8]

Being a victim, Malaysia should really join the multinational force to convey to the pirates that Malaysia does not intend to see a repeat of the episode and that Malaysia is prepared to fight back. Presence in the area could also give Malaysian vessels passing through the Red Sea extra protection since we would have a say in the multinational force. Extra attention could be given to Malaysian vessels.

But are the presence of military ships in Somalian waters a violation of sovereignty?

No. These foreign vessels are there because the United Nations Security Council grants permission for foreign warships to enter Somalian waters to fight piracy.[9] In fact, even the de jure government of Somalia allows these foreign vessels to operate in Somalia to fight piracy.[10] This easily alleviates my concern regarding violation of sovereignty.

Whether it is a matter of time before the growing presence of heavily-equipped foreign navies around Somalia will reduce the incidences of piracy there, the state of anarchy is Somalia is beginning to adversely affect the neutral others. No longer countries like Malaysia which are reliant on international trade could sit idly and watch from afar. Active participation in effort to combat the piracy is required; the new Defense Minister which is also the Prime Minister needs to flex some muscle.

The surest way to reduce the threats of piracy is to have international force in Somalia, on the ground, or at least in the ports which these pirates operate from. Effective controls over these ports is a necessity in combating piracy.

Resorting to settlement with the pirates as MISC had done does little in protecting private property and individual liberty for Malaysians as well as for others. In fact, MISC will only establish a reputation of succumbing to ransom demand for itself, possibly making its vessels popular targets in the future. And since the MISC vessels fly the Malaysian flag, the implication is not pretty for any vessel flying the Malaysian flag.

Mohd Hafiz Noor Shams. Some rights reserved Mohd Hafiz Noor Shams. Some rights reserved Mohd Hafiz Noor Shams. Some rights reserved

[1] — Hassan slammed Malaysia’s local media for speculating that a total ransom of US$4 million was paid. [Pirates off Somalia free second Malaysian ship. International Herald Tribune. September 30 2008]

[2] — The release of MT Melati Lima on Sept 28 and MT Bunga Melati Dua yesterday brought about relieve and joy to millions of Malaysians and Muslims worldwide, preparing to celebrate Hari Raya Aidilfitri tomorrow. [MT Melati 5 release brings joy and relieve to Rizal’s family. Bernama via New Straits Times. September 30 2008]

[3] — Pirate Sugule Ali told the AFP news agency by satellite phone that his group wanted a ransom of $20m (£11m) and were not interested in the weapons. [Warships surround Somali pirates. BBC. September 29 2008]

[4] — France, which has troops in nearby Djibouti and also participates in a multi-national naval force patrol in the area, has intervened twice to release French sailors kidnapped by pirates.

Commandos freed two people whose boat was hijacked in the Gulf of Aden earlier this month and in April, six arrested pirates were handed over to the French authorities for trial. [US destroyer nears Somali pirates. BBC. September 28 2008]

[5] — KUALA LUMPUR: Malaysia’s help was sought by the French navy in Tuesday’s daring rescue of a French couple held by Somali pirates on their luxury yacht in the Gulf of Aden.

The Royal Malaysian Navy, however, had to turn down the request for fear of jeopardising ongoing negotiations to free two hijacked Malaysian vessels — the MT Bunga Melati Dua and MT Bunga Melati Lima, owned by Malaysian International Shipping Corporation (MISC). [France sought our navy’s help. Adrian David. New Straits Times. September 29 2008]

[6] — See Combined Task Force 150 as well as Piracy in Somalia at Wikipedia. Accessed October 1 2008.

[6a] — A Russian warship headed for the seas off Somalia Friday after pirates seized a Ukrainian freighter carrying 33 tanks, munitions and other weaponry, officials said. [Russia sends warship after Somali pirates. Japan Today. September 29 2008]

[7] — Pirate Sugule Ali told the AFP news agency by satellite phone that his group wanted a ransom of $20m (£11m) and were not interested in the weapons. [Pirates die strangely after taking Iranian ship. Andrew Donaldson. The Times. September 28 2008]

[8] — The Malaysian government later dispatched three Royal Malaysian navy vessels – KD Lekiu, KD Inderapura and KD Pahang – to escort MISC ships home. [MT Melati 5 release brings joy and relieve to Rizal’s family. Bernama via New Straits Times. September 30 2008]

[9] — The UN security council has unanimously adopted a resolution allowing foreign warships to enter Somalia’s territorial waters to fight piracy. [Warships to combat Somalia piracy. Al Jazeera. June 3 2008]

[10] — See Piracy in Somalia at Wikipedia. Accessed October 1 2008.

Categories
Economics

[1794] Of Intrade for Malaysian politics?

Intrade is gaining reputation for predicting the future. At its center is the idea that prices reflect all available information.

Wouldn’t it be good to have Intrade for Malaysia?

Categories
Economics Sports

[1793] Of Fortis sponsors Feyenoord

Now I know why Fortis sounds so familiar.

Categories
Sports

[1792] Of OMG! OMG! Michigan won!

This is truly a pleasant surprise. Michigan won against No. 9 Wisconsin!

Frankly, embarrassingly, I had expected Wisconsin to steamroll pass Michigan and take their first win in Ann Arbor for the first time since 1994. The reason is the Wolverines are in a bad shape this season, especially with the departure of key players as well as Coach Carr at the end of last season. So far, Wolverines supporters has justified the sorry state by calling this season a season of rebuilding.

And this is a shameful admission: I did not watch the game exactly because the expectation against Wisconsin was set so low. So, imagine my genuine surprise when the first message of the day I received through my cell is the word, “we won”. That two-word message brought my Sunday to a whole new ecstatic level.

However, despite the win, the game was so bad that Michigan got booed by our own supporters!

ANN ARBOR, Mich. (AP)—Rich Rodriguez earned the right to be hailed at Michigan for the first time.

Rodriguez, in his fourth game as coach, directed the Wolverines’ biggest comeback in Big House history, helping them rally from a 19-point deficit to beat No. 9 Wisconsin 27-25 Saturday.

The first significant victory of his debut season in Ann Arbor wasn’t sealed until Allen Evridge misfired on a 2-point conversion with 13 seconds left.

“Never had a doubt,” Rodriguez joked.

It didn’t seem like the Wolverines were going to have a chance to celebrate their 500th game at Michigan Stadium when they had five turnovers, trailed 19-0 and were booed off the field at halftime. [Call it a comeback: Michigan beats Wisconsin 27-25. Larry Lage. AP via Yahoo! Sports. Saturday 27 2008]

I would have never booed my own team. Angry, yes but booing is out of the question. I am glad to say that I have never booed the team in The Big House, even when Michigan was poised to lose to Michigan State in 2005. We did not lose that one because we made the biggest come back that demanded 3 overtimes.

In the Big Ten, only Penn State and Northwestern are undefeated. Penn State is okay but Northwestern, well, no offense to Northwestern everybody knows Northwestern is a pretender. They are up there because of their unimpressive schedule. That will change next week when they meet little brother Sparties next week.

In any case, the win was really handed over to Michigan by the Badgers. But a win is still a win. And there is hope now!

Here is to Monday, for a ranked Michigan for the first time in many months.