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Economics

[2143] Of stimulus may bite back in 2010

Economics has been labeled as some sort of a discipline that predicts the future. The application of various models and efforts at testing its various hypotheses that sometimes result in the affirmative may have contributed to that reputation but it is not about predicting the future. Rather, it is about finding lessons from the past, learning from it and applying it for future endeavors. More humbly perhaps, it serves as a cautionary tale.

In this spirit, what one may expect in 2010 in terms of the national economy?

Many things obviously, and it is beyond me to list it in an exhaustive manner. Given my mischievous agenda against the state in general, I will focus on only a few. That, and based on standard economic theory, two parts of the economy may deserve some attention in light of what happened last year. Two components of Malaysia’s gross domestic product are investment — specifically private sector investment — and net exports or really, exports.

Why?

Economic theory suggests that increased government spending adversely affects net exports and ambiguously affects overall investment after some time. For those who keep tabs on the local economy, the fact that the government launched two massive measures to stimulate the economy should be common knowledge. In promoting it, the government touted it as unprecedented. It is exactly because the size is unprecedented that the concern is legitimate, possibly in a way that is unprecedented too.

The same theory highlights that government spending places upward pressure on interest rate and the exchange rate.

With additional government spending on top of normal spending, it is reasonable to hold the position that the current interest rate is higher than would under a situation without such spending. Higher interest rate means higher cost of borrowing and that itself is a disincentive to invest, especially for the private sector, even if the effect on overall investment is ambiguous. The fact that the government financed its additional spending by borrowing locally further strengthens the phenomenon of crowding out the private sector. With the government expounding on the idea of having the private sector as the driver of Malaysia’s economy, the divergence between the government’s past actions as well as its theoretical consequences and the government’s words creates a noticeable dissonance — but the sun always rises in the east and so, what is new, eh?

The same effect on interest rate is applicable to the exchange rate. In doing so, it makes Malaysian exports more expensive compared to a situation without the stimulus and foreign goods cheaper. It depresses exports, given all else the same. The likelihood of depressed exports is even more worrying given the economy of Malaysia’s trading partners.

For instance, in the United States, which is a major destination for Malaysian exports and really, the world, there is fear that once its stimulus spending runs out some time in the second half of 2010, its recovering economy would go to the other direction, possibly reflecting the artificial nature of economic recovery based on government spending. Should the US economy take a nosedive again, Malaysia’s exports will take a hit, as it had earlier. It would be a double whammy for the exports component.

The importance of the exports component to the Malaysian economy cannot be overemphasized. Despite rhetoric heard these days of the need to move away from the export-driven model, there is no realistic way to make contribution of domestic demand to Malaysian economy a close rival to foreign demand for domestic goods without devastating the local economy. The chasm between the two is just too great to close. This is not to say that improvement of domestic demand is unwanted but Malaysian consumers are simply unable to consume as much as the export markets, even if Malaysia would suddenly become a high-income country tomorrow. Anybody who harbors a dream to remove the centrality of exports and trade at large to the Malaysian economy vis-à-vis domestic demand must be fast asleep.

If the US economy contracts again this year, the political pressure on the Najib administration for yet another fiscal stimulus would be great as Malaysia’s own ongoing fiscal stimulus measures expire. Already there are calls for a third stimulus in Malaysia. Needless to say, further government spending will exacerbate issues associated with the investment and exports components.

This may further discourage investment by the private sector and there may be an urge for the government to take a more active role in the economy.

Granted, at the moment, there is an effort to liberalize the economy. Yet, the reduction and the expansion of government happen in different parts of the economy, bringing about unclear net government intervention in the market as a whole. Economic theory suggests that the government of the economy portion will expand. Further involvement through stimulus spending will tilt the arrow towards the appropriate side.

Critics of this line of reasoning tend to point out that there is excess capacity during an economic downturn and hence, the negative impact of increased government spending is only a theoretical worry to be shrugged off. They forget that, as with most economic policies, there is a lag between implementation and effect. In the very short term, the impact of crowding out caused by government spending is non-existence. Notwithstanding other arguments against fiscal stimulus such as the relative ineffectiveness of fiscal stimulus for a small open economy such as Malaysia, they can hold on to their criticism in the heat of the crisis. In 2010 and farther into the near future however, the lag will catch up to make the issue less theoretical and more real as each day passes.

How the Najib administration will address that lagged impact will be an interesting economic problem. If the global economy — really the US economy — continues to improve, it will give a boost to Malaysia’s exports component. In doing so, it may solve the problem associated with the lagged adverse impact of the economic stimulus measures. Out of prudence, however, that is a bet deserving of hedging.

Mohd Hafiz Noor Shams. Some rights reserved Mohd Hafiz Noor Shams. Some rights reserved Mohd Hafiz Noor Shams. Some rights reserved

First published in The Malaysian Insider on January 1 2010.

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Economics

[2068] Of o stimulus, where art thou?

Apparently, the second quarter GDP results came out way better than expected.

Aug. 27 (Bloomberg) — Malaysia’s economy is expected to resume growth this year after slipping into its first recession in a decade last quarter, mirroring recoveries across Asia.

Gross domestic product shrank a less-than-expected 3.9 percent in the three months ended June from a year earlier, after a 6.2 percent contraction in the first quarter, the central bank said yesterday. Economists, who were expecting a 5 percent decline, are raising their GDP forecasts for Southeast Asia’s third-largest economy.

Asian economies are reporting better second-quarter GDP numbers as the global slowdown eases after fiscal and monetary stimulus around the world. Malaysian central bank Governor Zeti Akhtar Aziz said yesterday that the government will revise its GDP forecast for a 5 percent contraction this year in the budget to reflect the nation’s economic improvement. [Malaysia’s Economy May Resume Growth This Year on Higher Demand. Shamin Adam. Bloomberg. August 27 2009]

Now, first of all, this dismisses concerns from some quarters that there was a need for a third stimulus package. These alarmists should be shot. No, I am not kidding. I really mean shot. I almost had a heart attack when I read about the suggestion months ago.

Secondly, we will only notice the stimulus money in full action only after recovery has taken place. I have taken this position from early one and I am being proven right. In fact, signs for recovery began as early as February, way before any stimulus has any impact. Since February, various indicators have shown general improvement independent of stimulus.[0A] The good news is that exports also improved;[0B] I have also maintained that recovery will be export-driven.

The official line is that the stimulus package helped cushion the fall. It may help by a tiny bit but changes in exports is more significant than increase in public spending, which more or less. a proxy of the stimulus package. Imports too went up but it is unclear if it was due to domestic consumption or instead, correspond to the increase in exports. Given that the make-up of the economy is that many of imported goods are intermediary goods which are used for exports, I am more inclined to favor the exports answer.

On top of that, in contrary to the celebrated increase in private consumption as announced by the Governor, in real terms, it fell to further gives credence to the exports explanation.

The same could be said about the increase in for capital formation. It is probably due to increased exports more than it could be about stimulus spending.

Furthermore, it appears that Malaysia may not have any need for a stimulus in the first place, or at the very least, the kind of outrageous size that we saw earlier. Proponents of stimulus, especially ones who advocated greater government spending as the base of that stimulus, were merely panicking more than anything else when they decided to unveil a large stimulus package, as I have accused them of.

As an aside, the much hyped Rangsangan Ekonomi website[1] which was announced as a site to make the stimulus spending transparent is especially a great cheat. For the second stimulus, it does not give actual progress. Rather, it only gives distribution of money. The whole thing is a big fat lie.

Mohd Hafiz Noor Shams. Some rights reserved Mohd Hafiz Noor Shams. Some rights reserved Mohd Hafiz Noor Shams. Some rights reserved

[0A] — See The Coincident, Leading and Lagging Indicators, and Growth Rates, 2005-2009 table by the Department of Statistics.

[0B] — See Gross National Income (GNI) by Expenditure Components in Constant Prices (2000=100) and Current Prices table by the Bank Negara Malaysia.

[1] — To see it, go to http://www.rangsanganekonomi.treasury.gov.my/. Information for the first stimulus package however is respectably shared, unlike the second and much larger one. Accessed on August 27 2009.

Mohd Hafiz Noor Shams. Some rights reserved Mohd Hafiz Noor Shams. Some rights reserved Mohd Hafiz Noor Shams. Some rights reserved

p/s — I am delighted to discover that the BNM website has been upgraded. Kudos to BNM.

Categories
Economics

[2024] Of stimulus may be hurting recovery

I am holding the view that the RM67 billion government spending-based fiscal stimulus as announced will not be helpful. The market will show a swing independently of spending.

The swing is already happening in spite the fact that government spending has been insignificant so far. Furthermore, the magnitude of government spending is pale in comparison to the drop of external demand. If there is to be any recovery, it will be driven by external demand, just as the recession has been caused by external demand. All this makes the government spending-based stimulus irrelevant.

Due to temporal issue between the effectiveness of the spending and market cycle, when proper recovery takes places, private firms will suffer from crowding out effect since the stimulus is financed through local sources. Interest will have to go up higher when compared to a situation where there the size of government spending is absent.

Well, I might be wrong. My position is too kind. There is a piece yesterday that may indicate that the stimulus is hurting recovery:

GEORGE TOWN: Penang’s electronics industry is facing a shortage of production workers after orders started to pick up early last month, according to a job outsourcing company.

The problem is compounded by local workers who prefer to enrol instead in the government’s retraining scheme where they are paid more, said Inter Resources Consulting Global Search (M) Sdn Bhd managing director Michael Heah.

He said locals were not keen to work long hours in factories for RM500 to RM600 a month, preferring the retraining scheme for unemployed graduates and retrenched workers where they were taught new skills and received a monthly allowance of between RM500 and RM800. [Penang electronics firms unable to cope with demand. The Star. July 2 2009]

Firms are actually competing — gasp! — with the stimulus package for labor, making them incapable of meeting demand in the short run.

How is that for a stimulus?

Worse:

Heah said the electronics industry started to recover last month with the semiconductor and consumer electronics sector stepping up their recruitment drive to get more locals to fill vacancies.

”To make matters worse, the intake of foreign workers has been frozen. We appeal to the Government to lift the freeze in the sector,” he said. [Penang electronics firms unable to cope with demand. The Star. July 2 2009]

Unless productive firms can find individuals that are not enrolled in the retraining program, they will need to raise wages.

I am a fan of raising wages only to accommodate inflation, to compensate improvement in productive for the labor factor of production or competition from firms for labor.

I see none of those here. That potential raise of wages may be caused by distortion created by the government, more than anything else.

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Economics

[2008] Of it is a race, then

The federal government has set a timeline:

IPOH, June 13 (Bernama) — The impact of the first and second stimulus packages totalling RM67 billion announced by the government, can only be seen in the third and fourth quarters of this year, said Second Finance Minister Datuk Seri Ahmad Husni Mohamad Hanadzlah.

He said the ministries involved in the implementation have offered 43,681 contracts for RM6.95 billion in the first stimulus package and 708,011 contracts worth RM10 billion for the second.

“A total of RM15 billion is fiscal expenditure in the second stimulus package.But only RM10 billion is being utilised for this year with the remainder to be spent in 2010. [Impact Of Stimulus Package To Be Seen Third And Fourth Quarters Of This Year. Bernama. June 13 2009]

I will be watching the external demand side and I will bet that recovery will be fueled by improved external more than anything else.

Already at the moment, there are signs that the market is ahead of the intended effect of additional government spending amounting to RM21 billion. Also, nevermind that the fiscal stimuli have already failed to meet earlier set deadline.

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Economics

[1994] Of fiscal stimuli did not factor in Q1

Whatever the results may be for the gross domestic product growth rate for the first quarter of the year, let us be clear about one thing. The two fiscal stimulus packages have only insignificant impact, if not at all, to Malaysian economy in that period.

Any effort to paint the stimulus packages as having helped to cushion the impact economic slowdown we saw in the first quarter should be received with extreme skepticism.

One has to remember that, while the first fiscal stimulus package was announced by the Abdullah administration in November 2008, there was no real spending done even as February 2009 passed us by with the speed of a tortoise. The government at that time was still scrambling to distribute money to various ministries and not actually spending it.

This has been admitted by the Second Finance Minister himself. In early March, he was reported as saying that barely half a billion ringgit from a total of RM7 billion had been spent.

Two months later — by May 12 2009 — according to a website established by the Treasury to inform the public of the status of the two stimulus packages, only a further quarter billion ringgit was spent from the RM7 billion.

Given the horrifying demand gap caused by weakened external demand, actual spending derived from the first fiscal stimulus is very much irrelevant to the GDP growth figure for the first quarter of the year.

If one insists that the RM750 million did cushion the fall that certain Ministers claimed it would earlier in the year, perhaps I am obliged to share the following analogy: it is only akin to preparing a mattress on the ground with the intention of saving a person who has just jumped off from level 88.

One also has to remember that the second, much larger, stimulus package was only announced on March 10 2009, which was already close to the end of the first quarter. Furthermore, it is impossible to believe that the second stimulus package came into effect immediately, especially accounting for the kind of lag suffered by the first stimulus package.

How much of the second stimulus worth RM15 billion of government spending has been spent is unclear. The same website commissioned by the Treasury is coy about divulging the same information it shares when it comes to the RM7 billion stimulus package. Nevertheless, experience tells us to be rational and not to expect too much.

Consider this: if the government faces trouble in spending RM7 billion even after approximately 7 months have passed, how exactly does one expect the government to spend another RM15 billion within just over 2 months?

That skepticism should be strengthened further with the knowledge that the government only began to borrow massively in April. We know that the second fiscal stimulus needs to be financed through borrowings. And we know that April is not part of the first quarter.

The best hope of making the second stimulus relevant is the RM3 billion tax cuts as well as the loan guarantees attached to the second fiscal stimulus, or the mini-budget in the language of the government. Alas, information about that is not so forthcoming for us to move beyond mere speculation.

Hence, the effect of tax cuts and guarantees notwithstanding, the effect of the two government spending-based stimulus packages has to be largely discounted if we are interested in explaining the results of the first quarter for the year 2009.

What might make the two stimulus packages all the more irrelevant is the manner which the economy behaved in the first quarter. While the jury is no doubt still out there, early indications do not bode well for proponents of government spending as the heart of fiscal stimulus.

The reason is that the economy — as indicated by various indicators — is arguably performing better with each passing month since January, on the margin. It is better in a sense it has been less bad than before; to be precise, the change of sign of the second derivative.

This happens in spite of the lack of significant interference in the economic cycle as planned by the two fiscal stimuli. The significance of this is that it may prove to those who lack confidence in the market that the economy does not desperately need government spending. This also provides a damning evident that we do not need a third stimulus package at all.

So far, the best factor to explain possible turning of the economy may be the very factor that brought the economy to a tailspin in the first place: external demand.

It is hard to resist connecting the improved local condition with the health of the blessed Chinese economy. Even in the US — another major destination for Malaysian goods — talks of green shoots are aplenty.

If the trend continues, we may see a bottoming out soon enough even without additional government spending as allocated by the two fiscal stimuli. Indeed, the chances that the economy gets better before the full effect of the stimulus packages kick in are becoming brighter now than anytime before.

As it may turn out, the billions of ringgit of government spending may only increase our public debts. That will increase the cost of borrowing in the future and possibly later, the imposition of higher taxes for all, on average.

Mohd Hafiz Noor Shams. Some rights reserved Mohd Hafiz Noor Shams. Some rights reserved Mohd Hafiz Noor Shams. Some rights reserved

First published in The Malaysian Insider on May 26 2009.